Ampersand of Truth searches the edit history of Finnish Wikipedia articles about the history of Finland for text that was added and later taken out by other editors. For each finding it shows what was added, when, by which account, how long it stayed visible and how it was removed, with a link to every revision on Wikipedia. Each finding gets one of three levels based only on that history. Automated assessments help read the Finnish text and recognise factual claims. They are labelled as such and shown next to the quoted text they rely on.
Evidence levels
Every finding has one of three levels. Higher levels only add evidence: each level requires everything in the level below it,
and when in doubt a finding stays at the lower level.
Level 1Removed by Wikipedia editors
Text was added and later taken out by other Wikipedia editors. That alone does not show whether it was true or false.
What it takes
An edit added substantive content — prose, a number, a date, a name, or a source — rather than only markup, links, categories or templates.
A different editor later took that content out, and it is no longer in the latest revision of the article.
The edit was not made by a bot, did not blank a page or section, and was not classed with confidence as obvious vandalism or a test edit.
Findings also stay at Level 1 whenever an automated assessment is unavailable, uncertain, or reads the edit as a good-faith mistake.
Level 2Disputed and removed
A factual or narrative claim was taken out with a stated concern about accuracy, neutrality or sources, or it kept being put back after removal.
What it takes
Everything required for Level 1.
Automated assessment reads the added text with confidence of at least 3 out of 5 as a factual claim, a point-of-view push, a content dispute, or source manipulation, quoting exact words from the edit.
Wikipedia editors disputed it in at least one observable way: the removal summary raised accuracy, neutrality or sourcing; the content was put back at least once after removal; editors went back and forth over the passage; or an editor added a dispute notice to the article in the same episode.
Neither the automated assessment nor edit-history signals can reach Level 2 on their own — both must agree.
Level 3Pattern consistent with a coordinated attempt
The same disputed claim came back across several accounts or articles, over a long period, or together with changes to sources. The pattern is consistent with coordination; it does not show who was behind it or why.
What it takes
Everything required for Level 2.
At least 2 of 4 coordination signals, including at least one across editors or across articles:
Multiple editors: the same claim was added by at least 2 distinct editors (anonymous edits from the same masked IP range count as one editor).
Multiple articles: the same claim was added to at least 2 articles.
Persistence: the claim was put back at least 2 times, with at least 7 days between its first and last insertion.
Sources: a cited source was removed, replaced, or made up alongside the claim.
A single account editing one article, no matter how many times, stays at Level 2.
Left out altogether: edits that only change markup, whitespace, categories, links or templates;
removals by the same account that added the text; bot edits; blanked pages or sections; content that Wikipedia editors
kept in the latest revision; and edits classed with confidence as obvious vandalism or test edits.
Measured quality
Being measured. Precision numbers from our hand-checked evaluation set will appear here after the evaluation.
Coverage
Articles
19,742 Finnish Wikipedia articles
Category scope
History of Finland category tree
Edit history
2003 – 1 Oct 2026 (UTC)
Language edition
Finnish only (fi.wikipedia.org)
You can search for a topic in any language, and findings display machine translations into English alongside the original Finnish text,
but all analysed edits come from the 19,742 Finnish Wikipedia articles in the History of Finland category tree between 2003 and 1 Oct 2026.
Limitations
Removed does not mean false, and kept does not mean true. We only see what Wikipedia's editors caught.
Edit history cannot show intent. A pattern consistent with coordination can also be one persistent person, a shared network, or several people who honestly share a view.
We only see our dataset: 19,742 Finnish Wikipedia articles in the History of Finland category tree, 2003 to 1 October 2026. Activity elsewhere on Wikipedia or the web is invisible.
One IP address can be many people, and one person can use many addresses. We mask addresses and count each masked range as one editor.
Translations and automated assessments can be wrong. The original Finnish is always one click away.